This study evaluated the psychological mechanisms underlying imitation of facial actions in
young infants. A novel aspect of the study was that it used a nonoral gesture that had not been
tested before (head movement), as well as a tongue-protrusion gesture. Results showed imitation
of both displays. Imitation was not limited to the intervals during which the experimenter’s
movements were displayed; Ss also imitated from memory after the display had stopped. The
results established that newborn imitation is not constrained to a few privileged oral movements.
The findings support Meltzoff and Moore’s hypothesis that early imitation is mediated by an
active cross-modal matching process. A common representational code may unite the perception
and production of basic human acts